It is located 96km from Nellore. The best way to reach the place is on road. Several buses run daily from other nearby major places, Kavali, Nellore, Atmakur and Duttaluru. Nearest railway station is located at Kavali, 50 miles east of Udayagiri.
It was historical important city, but lost its glory to small village. The hill on which the fort lies rises to a height from 1000 ft to 3079 ft. above the mean sea level. It covers an area of seven miles. Ruined walls on the west side hill are still visible. There are many remains of tombs, temples, and palaces inside the walls.
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
Government and Politics
Udayagiri is an assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh.
List of Elected Members:[3]
- 1951 - Kovi Ramayya Chowdary
- 1955 - Sheik Moula Saheb
- 1962 - P.Venkata Reddy
- 1967 - N.Dhanenkula
- 1972 - Ponneboina Chenchu Ramaiah
- 1978 and 1983 - Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu
- 1985 - Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy
- 1989 - Madala Janakiram
- 1994 and 1999 - Kambham Vijayarami Reddy
- 2004 -2009 Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy
Famous politician of BJP Sri M.Venkayya Naidu was first elected from "UDAYAGIRI"
History
First known history of the city was from 14th century. It was the capital of local kingdom of Langula Gajapati, chieftain to Gajapatis of Orissa. It came under rule of Krishna Deva Raya of Vijayanagara around 1512. Fort was inaccessible on most sides. It could be only penetrated on a jungle track in east side and a pathway on west side. The siege lasted for an year and resulted in loss for Prataparudra of Gajapatis.
During the reign of Gajapatis and Vijayanagara Empire, the fort was extended. The entire city and the surrounding hill of 1000 feet height were circled with walls. Fort consisted of thirteen buildings, eight on the hill and five below. It also consisted of several temples and gardens.
After the fall of Vijayanagara Empire, it was ruled by chieftains of Golconda rulers. The mosque on top of the hill has two Persian inscriptions that credits the construction of mosque and planting a near by garden to Shaik Husain, chieftain to Sultan Abdullah of Golconda. Then it came under the Nawabs of Arcot, who granted it to Mustafa Ali Khan as Jagir. His descendants controlled it till 1839, till they were deported by Nawabs again to Chengalput for their treason.
During the reign of Gajapatis and Vijayanagara Empire, the fort was extended. The entire city and the surrounding hill of 1000 feet height were circled with walls. Fort consisted of thirteen buildings, eight on the hill and five below. It also consisted of several temples and gardens.
After the fall of Vijayanagara Empire, it was ruled by chieftains of Golconda rulers. The mosque on top of the hill has two Persian inscriptions that credits the construction of mosque and planting a near by garden to Shaik Husain, chieftain to Sultan Abdullah of Golconda. Then it came under the Nawabs of Arcot, who granted it to Mustafa Ali Khan as Jagir. His descendants controlled it till 1839, till they were deported by Nawabs again to Chengalput for their treason.
Saturday, March 14, 2009
Electoral systems
Electoral systems refer to the detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems which convert the vote into a determination of which individuals and political parties are elected to positions of power.
The first step is to tally the votes, for which various different vote counting systems and ballot types are used. Voting systems then determine the result on the basis of the tally. Most systems can be categorized as either proportional or majoritarian. Among the former are party-list proportional representation and additional member system. Among the latter are First Past the Post (FPP) (relative majority) and absolute majority. Many countries have growing electoral reform movements, which advocate systems such as approval voting, single transferable vote, instant runoff voting or a Condorcet method; these methods are also gaining popularity for lesser elections in some countries where more important elections still use more traditional counting methods.
While openness and accountability are usually considered cornerstones of a democratic system, the act of casting a vote and the content of a voter's ballot are usually an important exception. The secret ballot is a relatively modern development, but it is now considered crucial in most free and fair elections, as it limits the effectiveness of intimidation.
Types Of Elections
In most democratic political systems, there are a range of different types of election, corresponding to different layers of public governance or geographical jurisdiction. Some common types of election are:
A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) is a democratic tool related to elections in which the electorate votes for or against a specific proposal, law or policy, rather than for a general policy or a particular candidate or party. Referendums may be added to an election ballot or held separately and may be either binding or consultative, usually depending on the constitution. Referendums are usually called by governments via the legislature, however many democracies allow citizens to petition for referendums directly, called initiatives.
Referendums are particularly prevalent and important in direct democracies, such as Switzerland. The basic Swiss system, however, still works with representatives. In the most direct form of democracy, anyone can vote about anything. This is closely related to referendums and may take the form of consensus decision-making. Reminiscent of the ancient Greek system, anyone may discuss a particular subject until a consensus is reached. The consensus requirement means that discussions can go on for a very long time. The result will be that only those who are genuinely interested will participate in the discussion and therefore the vote. In this system there need not be an age limit because children will usually become bored. This system is however only feasible when implemented on a very small scale.
who Is Elected
Who is elected
The government positions for which elections are held vary depending on the locale. In a representative democracy, such as the United States, some positions are not filled through elections, especially those which are seen as requiring a certain competency or excellence. For example, judges are usually appointed rather than elected to help protect their impartiality. There are exceptions to this practice, however; some judges in the United States are elected, and in ancient Athens military generals were elected.
In some cases, as for example, in soviet democracy—there may exist an intermediate tier of electors between constituents and the elected figure. However, in most representative democracies, this level of indirection usually is nothing more than a formality. For example, the President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College, and in the Westminster System, the Prime Minister is formally chosen by the head of state
Characterstics Of Elections
The question of who may vote is a central issue in elections. The electorate does not generally include the entire population; for example, many countries prohibit those judged mentally incompetent from voting, and all jurisdictions require a minimum age for voting.
Historically, other groups of people have also been excluded from voting. For instance, the democracy of ancient Athens did not allow women, foreigners, or slaves to vote, and the original United States Constitution left the topic of suffrage to the states; usually only white male property owners were able to vote. Much of the history of elections involves the effort to promote suffrage for excluded groups. The women's suffrage movement gave women in many countries the right to vote, and securing the right to vote freely was a major goal of the American civil rights movement. Extending the right to vote to other groups which remain excluded in some places (such as convicted felons, members of certain minorities, and the economically disadvantaged) continues to be a significant goal of voting rights advocates.
Suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country. Further limits may be imposed: for example, in Kuwait, only people who have been citizens since 1920 or their descendants are allowed to vote, a condition that the majority of residents do not fulfill. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen; the nationality of the country of residence ఇస్ నాట్ రెకుఇరెద్.
Election
An election is a decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office. This is the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy fills offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations.
The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens. Elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot.
Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems. Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to electionsThursday, March 12, 2009
Agra
Agra is globally renown as the city of the Taj Mahal. But this royal Mughal city has, in addition to the legendary Taj, many monuments that epitomise the high point of Mughal architecture. In the Mughal period, in the 16th and 17th centuries, Agra was the capital of India. It was here that the founder of the dynasty, Babar, laid out the first formal Persian garden on the banks of the river Yamuna. Here, Akbar, his grandson raised the towering ramparts of the great Red Fort. Within its walls, Jehangir built rose-red palaces, courts and gardens, and Shahajahan embellished it with marble mosques, palaces and pavilions of gem-inlaid white marble.
The crowning glory of the city is obviously the Taj, a monument of love and imagination, that represents India to the world.
What to See
Shahjahan built the monument in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, the 'lady of the Taj', who died giving birth to their 14th child. It has been called the most extravagant monument ever built for the sake of love. The construction of the Taj commenced in 1631, and was completed in 1653. Workers were gathered from all over the country and from Central Asia, and about 20,000 people were recruited to translate this wild dream into a reality.
The main architect was Isa Khan, who was brought all the way from Shiraz in Iran. After he was deposed and brutally imprisoned in the Agra Fort, by his son Aurangzeb, Shahjahan spent the rest of his life looking wistfully at his wife's final resting place, just across the river. The Taj remains a symbol of eternal love where the heart - broken Shahjahan was subsequently buried, re-united finally with his beloved Mumtaz.
Fatehpur Sikhri, Itmad-ul-Doulah Tomb, Bharatpur and also,
10 km north of Agra lies Akbar's tomb, in Sikandra. Named after the Afghan ruler Sikander Lodi, Sikandra is the final resting place of Emperor Akbar. Akbar began the construction of his own garden mausoleum during his lifetime, a red sandstone structure in a chahar - bagh, or 4 - square formal garden. An impressive marble - inlaid gateway leads to the spacious four - tiered monument which is crowned by a white marble cenotaph and screen. This last was added by Jahangir, who completed the tomb after the demise of his father.
Other places to visit include, Mathura and Brindavan. Mathura, on the banks of the river Yamuna, is the birthplace of Krishna, and Brindavan, the land of thousands of shrines and temples, which still echoes with stories and songs that recount the exploits of this charming God.
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